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Vol. 10. No. 2 Fall 2010
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Numerical Modelling of Contaminant Transport
Hydrodynamics
Yasser Hamdi
Department of Civil Engineering, National School of Engineering,
Gabes, TunisiaGabes
– 6011; Tunisia,
Email :
yasser.hamdi@ymail.com
Abstract:
Modelling of contaminant transport on watersheds is a problem of
concern with regard to the protection of water ecosystems. This
paper presents a numerical model, using the finite element
method, to simulate contaminant transport hydrodynamics. Spatial
and temporal progression of a spilled toxic substance was
compiled for the Macks-Creek basin located in United States. It
is shown that the developed tool, based on coupled terrain and
surface runoff models, provided adequate results in terms of
runoff velocities and height. Results from this compute served
as an input of a computer based system that we developed to
simulate the real-time contaminant behaviour and spreading since
its spillage.
The developed model can be used in both simulating and
forecasting modes. Obtained predictions are of practical
relevance to hydrologists and water resources managers for
applications in environmental management strategies during
infrastructure and urban planning phases as well.
Key words:
runoff, contamination, environment, numerical modelling,
real-time, simulation, forecasting, hydrodynamic, management
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Practical use of SRTM
digital elevation dataset in the urban-watershed modeling
Abolghasem Akbari1,
Prof. Dato' Dr.
Azizan Abu Samah2
and
Dr
Faridah Othman3
1,3 Department of civil engineering, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
2 Department of geography, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
Corresponding author's e-mail address:
akbari_gis@yahoo.com
Abstract:
The advent of satellite-based elevation dataset acquired by
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)
made new and novel techniques possible to model hydrological
process in midsize to large scale watersheds. This application
is important in regions with poor photogrammetric coverage and
land use in appropriate scale. Watersheds are natural
integrators of hydrological processes and as such require an
integrated approach in data analysis and modeling. The first
task is to delineate watershed boundaries accurately using
terrain dataset. This research assessed the effectiveness of
satellite base Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with
photogrammetric base DEM in the Upper Klang watershed which is a
complex urban area located on peninsular Malaysia. Watershed
parameters include slope, area, perimeters and mean elevation
are derived from two sources of elevation data. The first set of
parameters is derived from a 30 m gird DEM generated by the
digital topo sheets at the scales of 1:25,000 and 1:10,000. The
same parameters are derived from SRTM-DEM. Arcview extension
HEC-GeoHMS V1.1 is used as GIS tool for watershed boundary
delineation and parameterization. An inter comparison of four
geometrical parameters are investigated using Nash-Sutcliff
Efficiency (NSE). It was found the general agreement of about
88% between the two derivations. The largest discrepancy
occurred in delineation of the sub-watersheds in the flat
urbanized areas. It is that SRTM-DEM can be used for extracting
watershed parameters with a reasonable degree of confidence
especially in high relief non-urbanized regions.
Keywords: SRTM-DEM, Watershed modeling, Hydrological model,
HEC-GeoHMS
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Evaluating Groundwater Potential of a Hard-rock Aquifer Using
Remote Sensing and Geophysics
Mohammed-Aslam M. A.1,2,*, A. Kondoh3,
Mohamed Rafeekh P. 1 and Manoharan A. N.4
1Department of Civil Engineering, Government
Engineering College, Thrissur- 9, Kerala, India
2International Academy for Graduate Studies, PO Box
3047, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
*maslam.in@gmail.com,
3Center
for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi,
Inage, Chiba-263-8522, Japan, 4Directorate of Mining
and Geology, Kesavadasapuram, Pattom Palace.P.O,
Thiruvananthapuram - 695 004, Kerala, India
*Corresponding author
Abstract:
Water constitutes one of the sensitive environmental parameters
of the hydrological processes. Therefore, the study of water
resources exploitation sustainable to the environment is
important. Water resources development in hard rock terrain in
many parts of Kerala state poses a key issue in the management
strategy. The sustainable aspect of the water resources
exploration in this state necessitates the need for a better
water resources management. Usefulness of remote sensing
techniques in conjunction with geophysical investigation and
yield analysis were attempted in understanding the groundwater
resources potential of diverse land cover classes around
Kasaragod, located in the northern tip of Kerala state. This
work provides a methodological approach for an evaluation of the
water resources in hard rock terrain and enables an opening of
the scope for further development and management practices.
Keywords:
Groundwater; remote sensing; geophysics; well-yield
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Location of Fraction-Saturated Areas in Watershed Using
Empirically Calculated Topographical Index
A.K.Raina1, P.P.S.Lubana2,
N.K.Khullar3 and D.C.Lohsali4
1A.K.Raina,
Associate Professor SKUAST-J, Sher-e- Kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu (J &K)- India,ashokraina786@yahoo.co.in
2Dr.P.P.S.Lubana, Dean College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology PAU Ludhiana - India. 3Dr.N.K.Khullar,
Professor cum Head, Civil engineering, PAU, Ludhiana - India.
4Dr.D.C.Lohsali, Scientist-E, Punjab Remote Sensing
Centre, Ludhiana - India.
Abstract:
In engineering practice, simple methods are important for
predicting runoff from watersheds particularly for flood
forecasting and water balance calculations. In the present
study, it is illustrated that the often used soil conservation
services runoff curve–number (SCS-CN) approach in its most
elementary form can be derived from assuming that only saturated
areas contribute to direct runoff. With this approach the
initial abstraction or the amount of water required before
runoff starts is equal to air-filled pore space per unit area
for most shallow soils in the watershed. Air-filled pore space
throughout the year is calculated with aid of the simple water
balance employing Throntwaite-Mather procedure. As per this
procedure two user-friendly computer programmes ASH.FOR and
DSW.FOR are developed and coded in FORTRAN language to determine
daily water storage (S) and effective rainfall / initiation of
runoff (Pe).The water storage and fraction saturated
area for untreated wm1 and treated wm2
micro - watersheds of Mansadevi-watershed falling within
Shivalik region of India is compared. Geographic Information
System (GIS Arc-Info) software is used for digitizing the
contour maps of untreated wm1 and treated wm2
micro-watersheds. Topographical index (λ) is incorporated into
modified (SCS-CN) method to find critical (λ) values to locate
fraction-saturated areas graphically as per (Lyon et. al
2004). Further, a concept of translating graphically calculated
(λ) values into empirically calculated (λ) value is proposed in
the present study for convenient practical application.
Comparison of empirical solution with graphical solution
confirms convenient application of locating fraction-saturated
areas. The results show good agreement of predicted as well as
estimated runoff values with the observe runoff values for
modified (SCS-CN) method over traditional (SCS-CN) method.
Finally, the study confirms that incorporating topographical
index, into modified (SCS-CN) method also called variable source
area (CN-VSA) method (Steenhuise et.al 1995) is simple
enough to locate fraction-saturated areas within a watershed.
Keywords:
VSA, Water
balance, critical (λ) values, shallow soils, Shivalik region of
India.
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Watershed Modeling Using GIS Technology: A Critical Review
Edsel B. Daniel,
Janey V. Camp, Eugene J. LeBoeuf,
Jessica R. Penrod, Mark D.
Abkowitz, and James P. Dobbins
Respectively, Assistant Research Professor, Graduate Research
Assistant, Professor, Research Associate, Associate Professor,
and Assistant Research Professor, Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B
351831, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831
(E-Mail/Camp: janey.camp@vanderbilt.edu, Fax: (615)322-3365).
Abstract:
Understanding and managing water resource problems involves
complex processes and interactions within the watershed surface
and subsurface. The imposition of total maximum daily load (TMDL)
regulations on the pollutant influx to a watershed has created a
strong demand for new assessment tools. The spatial scales
relevant to transport of the pollutants may span many orders of
magnitude, ranging from field plots to regional hydrological
systems. As the demand for and development of watershed modeling
capabilities have evolved, geographic information systems (GIS)
in tandem with remote sensing technologies have played an
essential role supporting both data collection and analysis.
This paper reviews the current and future trends of GIS and
remote sensing technologies in watershed modeling. The primary
focus of this discussion is on spatial data availability and
management, and further opportunities for model development.
Keywords:
GIS; hydrologic processes; modeling; watershed; sensing
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JoSHJournal
of Spatial Hydrology
ISSN: 1530-4736