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Content:

     Vol. 10. No. 2 Fall 2010
     Vol. 10. No. 1 Spring 2010

     Vol. 9, No.2 Fall 2009
     Vol. 9, No.1 Spring 2009

     Vol. 8, No.2 Fall 2008
     Vol. 8, No.1 Spring 2008

     Vol. 7, No. 2 Fall 2007
     Vol. 7, No. 1 Spring 2007

     Vol. 6, No. 2 Fall 2006
     Vol. 6, No. 1 Spring 2006

     Vol. 5, No. 2 Fall 2005
     Vol. 5, No. 1 Spring 2005

     Vol. 4, No. 2 Fall 2004
     Vol. 4, No. 1 Spring 2004

     Vol. 3, No. 2 Fall 2003
     Vol. 3, No. 1 Spring 2003

     Vol. 2, No. 2 Fall 2002
     Vol. 2, No. 1 Spring 2002

     Vol. 1, No. 1 Fall 2001
 

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• Groundwater Flow Model and Particle Track Analysis for Selecting Water Quality Monitoring Well Sites, and Soil Sampling Profiles
  Michael A. Nwachukwu*, Huan Feng and Duke Ophori

  Abstract: Researchers often use only surface drainage (imperical method) as a tradition to locate sites for installation of water quality monitoring wells, and soil sampling profile for pollution studies in urban areas. They neglect that structural development may have altered the natural surface drainage. This paper demonstrates an advanced method; combining surface imperical method with a three-dimensional groundwater flow model and particle track analysis. This was performed using transient MODFLOW and MODPATH codes, as a first step in a pollution study of Owerri urban areas. Result was more reliable, showing diverging flows at Orji and Nekede auto-mechanic villages (MVs) due to relatively high elevation with the surroundings, and southward flow at the Obinze municipal waste dump (MWD). There were vertical flows at the sewage dumps (mangrove swamp areas) between Egbeda and Umuapu, and convergent flows along stream valleys. Particle tracking show an extended capture zone lying southeast. A total of eight water quality monitoring wells (WQ) was then recommended according to the directions of groundwater flow and particle releases from three tracking wells (ABC). WQ₁: SE of Orji MV, WQ₂: SE of Nekede MV, WQ₃: south of Obinze MWD, WQ₄: west of Egbeda, and WQ₅: east of Umuapu. WQ₆: NE of well A, WQ₇: SW of well B, and WQ₈: NE of well C. Soil sampling profiles; MVs: SE, MWD: South and sewage dumps: East and West. Distance of monitoring wells will vary according to the proximity of human settlements and shallow domestic wells (37m-55m) to the sites.

   Keyword: Mechanic villages; heavy metals; modelling; pollution studies; Imo River basin

   

•  A Method for Quantifying Stream Network Topology over Large Geographic Extents
  R. Betz, N.P. Hitt, R.L. Dymond and C.D. Heatwole

  Abstract: An understanding of stream network topology is necessary for a landscape-level perspective of stream hydrology and ecology. We present a method for quantifying stream network topology that overcomes computational constraints of DEM-based analysis over large geographic extents.  This method converts vector stream flow paths to raster flow paths to predict spatially-explicit stream properties from a network-constrained upstream cell count (UCC) to flow origins. UCC data enable calculations of stream network structure at designated grain sizes and spatial extents.  UCC values were strongly related to empirical measures of upstream basin area (R² = 0.94) and stream width (R² = 0.65) within the mid-Atlantic highlands, USA, suggesting that UCC data provide a reasonable surrogate for empirical measures of stream size within the stream network.  By reducing raster grids to the flow path, the UCC method reduced file sizes by 99% compared to digital elevation models. The UCC method can improve our understanding of fluvial landscape hydrology and ecology by enabling spatial analysis of stream networks over large geographic extents. 

  Keywords: stream network topology, upstream cell count, landscape ecology, digital elevation models

   

• Derivation of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph for a sub-basin using Linear Geomorphological Model and Geographic Information Systems
  R. Sudharsanan, M. Krishnaveni, and K. Karunakaran          

  ABSTRACT: Rainfall is converted into runoff and reaches the river and it becomes river flow. Geomorphological Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) based approach, which uses the geomorphologic parameters, is used to simulate basin runoff.  Compilation of the required database consists of various geomorphic and other hydrologic characteristics used by the GIUH model is facilitated using Geographical Information System (GIS).  The main aim of this study is develop 1-Hr Unit Hydrograph (UH) from the GIUH using Linear Geomorphological Model (LGM) with the help of GIS. Valliyar is one of the sub basins of Kodaiyar River Basin in Tamil Nadu, India.  Valliyar is 5^th order stream.  Sixteen possible paths are identified for stream order 5 and block diagram for each path is prepared.  The overland region for each path is delineated and measured with the help of GIS. GIUH is developed for 15 minutes time step using probability density function.  Lagging the GIUH, 1-Hr Unit Hydrograph (UH) is prepared.  

  Keywords:    GIS, Linear Geomorphological Model (LGM), GIUH

   

• Regional Dimensionless Rating Curves to Estimate Design Flows and Stages
  G. Padmanabhan and Brent H. Johnson

  Abstract: Dimensionless rating curves to estimate flows and stages of different return periods are investigated in this study for streams located in the Red River Basin of Minnesota and North Dakota, USA. Bankfull flow and depth are used as the reference variables.  Ratios of peak flow to bankfull flow and peak flow depth to bankfull depth are developed at twenty-two United States Geological Survey (USGS) stream flow gaging sites for preparing a regional dimensionless rating curve. Individual station curves, regional curves, and frequency plots of dimensionless ratios of flows and stages are developed and presented. The median ratio of the 50-year peak flow to the bankfull flow was found to be 10.7 and the median ratio of 2.4 was found for the 50-year peak flow depth to the maximum bankfull depth.  Application of the method is illustrated by applying it to four other gaging station sites in the basin. Flow estimates are compared with the flow frequency data for each example gaging station and also compared to flow estimates generated using the USGS regional regression equations, and the basin characteristics regressions and the bankfull hydraulic geometry regressions developed by the authors. Stage estimates at the example sites developed from the regional dimensionless rating curve are compared to stages predicted using gaging station rating curves with flow estimates given by the gaging station flow frequency data and the other flow estimation methods. The dimensionless rating curve stage method was generally superior in predicting stage than the flow estimation method. However, the dimensionless rating curve stage method provided better match to the flow frequency analyses stage estimation in the four example sites. Best performances in stage prediction are obtained by bankfull geometry regressions. 

  Keywords:  Bankfull geometry, Flow-frequency relationship, Dimensionless rating curve, Bankfull discharge, Ungaged watersheds

   

• Evaluating Groundwater Potential of a Hard-rock Aquifer Using Remote Sensing and Geophysics Mohammed-Aslam M. A., A. Kondoh, Mohamed Rafeekh P.  and Manoharan A. N. 

  Abstract:Water constitutes one of the sensitive environmental parameters of the hydrological processes. Therefore, the study of water resources exploitation sustainable to the environment is important. Water resources development in hard rock terrain in many parts of Kerala state poses a key issue in the management strategy. The sustainable aspect of the water resources exploration in this state necessitates the need for a better water resources management. Usefulness of remote sensing techniques in conjunction with geophysical investigation and yield analysis were attempted in understanding the groundwater resources potential of diverse land cover classes around Kasaragod, located in the northern tip of Kerala state. This work provides a methodological approach for an evaluation of the water resources in hard rock terrain and enables an opening of the scope for further development and management practices

  Keywords: Groundwater; remote sensing; geophysics; well-yield

   

• Erosion Predictions by Empirical Models in a Mountainous Watershed in Nepal
  Manoj K. Jha and Ram C. Paudel

  Abstract: Soil erosion is a crucial problem in Nepal where more than 80% of the land area is mountainous. In this study, two commonly used empirical soil erosion models, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Revised Morgan, Morgan and Finney (RMMF), were applied to the Kalchi Khola River Watershed of Nepal (drainage area approximately 58 hectares) to predict the soil loss rate and spatial erosion pattern. Models and field survey data were integrated using GIS tools. Several model runs were conducted to identify the most to least sensitive parameters of the models. On an annual basis, average soil loss rate predicted by the RMMF model for the watershed considered was found to be 3.76 tons per hectare (t/ha) over the agriculture land and 0.002 t/ha over the forested area. The RMMF model predictions are in close agreements with the available measured data of the region, whereas RUSLE predictions are far off, indicating that the RMMF model is a better choice to predict soil erosion rates in a steeply sloping mountainous region. It was also found that about 26% of the total watershed area is under high erosion risk (erosion rate > 5 t/ha per year). Moreover, about 60% of the area was found to be under high erosion risk if the entire watershed were converted into agricultural land. Accurate prediction of soil loss rates and erosion patterns will assist in the development of a robust soil conservation planning tool.